Wave field synthesis is a spatial audio rendering technique that uses high-density loudspeaker arrays to reproduce the pressure fronts of spatially-distributed sound sources, creating realistic three-dimensional sound scenes. Unlike traditional surround sound algorithms, these virtual sources replicate the real-world source quasi-identically, and so don’t rely on the listener being in a certain position or ‘sweet spot’.

Existing wavefield systems are expensive, complex to set up, or have constraints (they are 2D, or can only virtualise sources behind the array). This project sets out to make a new-generation system with modern technology for a simple, easy-to-deploy, highly cost-effective WFS setup.

Design

To achieve good WFS imaging, the drivers typically need to be placed closer together than 1/4 of the wavelength of the maximum desired imaging frequency. This places a maximum constraint on the driver size: the smaller, the better. I searched for a driver that was efficient, had as wide a bandwidth as possible, and was as close to omnidirectional as possible within those frequencies. Cost was also a big constraint: I wanted to drive the price of the system down as much as possible. After trialling and testing different drivers, I settled on the Peerless TA6FD00-04: a driver with bandwidth from 200-20,000Hz and very even dispersion across the whole frequency range.

The box was then designed around this driver, with individual, sealed 100cmยณ cells within the enclosure (calculated to allow the maximum performance of the driver before excursion limiting).

I then built custom amplifier boards with custom firmware to distribute the signal. Each board uses 16 Texas Instruments class-D 30W/channel chips, with an XMOS XEF216 being fed by Gigabit Ethernet over 802.1BA AVB. This allows for sub-microsecond synchronisation of each panel, which is crucial for proper WFS imaging. The whole system plays directly off a Mac Studio, plugged in over Ethernet, appearing as a 256-channel audio interface.

Daniel Jones wrote a custom multi-threaded WFS renderer in Python with a C++ core and composed a beautiful site-specific piece to showcase the functionality of the array.

The installation ran at EMF 2024 to great acclaim, and work is ongoing to design a v2 version of the system.

Roles
  • Hardware, firmware, and mechanical design and build.
  • Daniel Jones: Software, composition
Year

2024